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Academic ranks in Norway are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia. == Professorial ranks == In Norway, the word "professor" is only used for full professors, i.e. the most senior academics, at universities or scientific institutions at a similar level. The title is protected by law, and may only be used by accredited institutions under certain conditions.〔(Universitets- og høyskoleloven ) (Universities and colleges statute of 2005), accessed online March 14, 2014.〕 Historically, professors were appointed for life by the king upon the advice of the cabinet, that is, by the King-in-Council. Due to the increasing number of appointments, this changed in 1989 when the institutions received the right to formally appoint professors. Historically there were a given number of professors and each professor was appointed to a specific chair. Currently each institution can establish professorships at will and promote associate professors to full professors if they meet the statutory requirements.〔(Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger ) (Promotion statute), accessed March 14, 2014.〕 All people who are appointed as (or promoted to) professors must have formal ''professor competence'', that is, they must be awarded such competence through an evalution by a scientific, independent committee. Appointments are usually for life, although time-limited appointments are possible (especially if the position is externally funded). The mandatory age of retirement in Norway is 70, however. Professors who have turned 70 are required to leave their positions, but by law retain the right to use the professor title. In some cases retired professors may keep their office, and they usually have access to university infrastructure as long as they are still active as researchers. The traditional position of docent, often translated as reader, applied to people of the same competence as a Professor who did not hold a professorial ''chair'' and who formally ranked below Professors, was abolished in 1985, when all docents received the title of professor. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Academic ranks in Norway」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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